Friday, 10 February 2012

Deficit Model of Language

Robin Lakoff - Believed that women's language is weaker and are socialised into sounding like ladies
They use a greater rage of colour terms
Use "empty" adjectives (example: "it was nice")
Use intensifers (example: "so..", "very..")
Use tag questions (example: "it's a nice day, isn't it?)
Use hedges
Use vague language (example: "..and stuff")

Problems - are tag questions really expessions of uncertainty? or are they used to continue a conversation?
Vague language allows speakers to sound relaxed and informal
Who might use elaborate systems of colour reference

Further research - Zimmerman and West 1975
Overlaps (22 in same-sex pairs, 9 in mixed-sex all men overlapping women)
Interruptions (7 in same-sex pairs, 48 in mixed-sex, 46 men interupt)
Silences (Same-sex 1.35 seconds, mixed-sex 3.21 seconds)
98% of interruptions came from men


Tuesday, 31 January 2012

Writing a Commentary


Remember that your will be marked in terms of 3 assessment objectives:
1 – Accuracy and use of appropriate TERMINOLOGY.
2 – Comments on changes made during the DRAFTING PROCESS and use of STYLE MODELS.
3 – Comments on how your language choices were affected by your PURPOSE, AUDIENCE & GENRE.

Each of these will receive a mark out of 10.  So, if you FAIL to comment on drafting and style models, for example, you will lose a third of your marks.

The KEY is to have selected several (10+) quotes / features from each of your texts to demonstrate how effective your writing is in achieving its PURPOSE.
Remember that whether your primary purpose is to persuade, inform, advise etc, it should always be entertaining (and therefore interesting to read).

Following is an outline you may follow to produce a commentary that covers the essential frameworks.  If you do use this model, make sure that the whole essay flows coherently from paragraph to paragraph with connecting words / phrases such a:
In contrast….  However…        Whereas…..         
Similarly….           Moreover…. etc.

Introduction
This should cover the fundamental aspects of GENRE, AUDIENCE & PURPOSE.  You should refer to your style model and comment on where you imagine your text being published.

Discourse (Structure)
Comment on features that show how the text is structured (at least in terms of a 3-part structure).

Lexis
Explain how the register is appropriate to genre, audience etc.  Note how the register will probably be deliberately varied. 

Pragmatics & Semantics
Many of the quotes that you select should be analysed in terms of their effect upon the reader, their connotations, your use of metaphorical language etc.

Grammar
Consider grammatical choices that you will have made (e.g sentence structure, sentence mood, use of tenses, use of 1st & 2nd person etc.)

Conclusion
As with the introduction, return to more general comments on how successful you consider your text to have been.

Friday, 27 January 2012

Language + Gender

Nature (born with the characteristics) or Nurture (learnt the characteristics)?
Duels (men use language in a competative nature) and Duets (women use language in a collaborative nature)
John Locke says:
  • Verbal disputation appears to be something that few women seek or expect to enjoy (example: women don't like debating, putting up a good fight)
  • Language is biological between genders

 Women/Duetters use language inclusively (exchanging intimate human material - mainly thoughts + feeling in context of closeness and trust) whilst Men/Duellers use language exclusively (eager to compare their verbal prowess (bravery) at any given opportunity)

Social cohesion, playing a role to "self-advertise" different contributions to the evolution of language. Is language born from society or biology?